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1 fantasy violence
"A label in a voluntary content-based rating system used by TV networks in the United States to indicate to viewers if a particular show has higher levels of sex, violence or adult language." -
2 fantastic
1) (unbelievable and like a fantasy: She told me some fantastic story about her father being a Grand Duke!) fantástico2) (wonderful; very good: You look fantastic!) fantásticofantastic adj fantástico / maravillosotr[fæn'tæstɪk]1 fantástico,-afantastic [fæn'tæstɪk] adj1) unbelievable: fantástico, increíble, extraño2) enormous: fabuloso, inmensofantastic sums: sumas fabulosas3) wonderful: estupendo, fantástico, bárbaro fam, macanudo fam♦ fantastically [-tɪkli] advadj.• fantástico, -a adj.• quimérico, -a adj.fæn'tæstɪk1)a) ( wonderful) (colloq) fantástico, estupendob) ( enormous) fabuloso, fantástico2)a) ( incredible) < story> absurdo, increíbleb) ( unrealistic) < plan> descabellado3) ( based on fantasy) < literature> fantástico[fæn'tæstɪk]ADJ1) * (=fabulous, terrific) [person, achievement, opportunity, news] fantástico, estupendo, regio (LAm) *, macanudo (S. Cone) *, chévere (Col, Ven) *it's fantastic to see you again! — ¡qué alegría verte de nuevo!
you look fantastic! — (=healthy) ¡qué buen aspecto tienes!; (=attractive) ¡qué guapo estás!
2) * (=huge) [amount, profit, speed] increíble3) (=exotic) [creature, world] fantástico; [shapes, images] extraño4) (=improbable) [story, idea] fantástico* * *[fæn'tæstɪk]1)a) ( wonderful) (colloq) fantástico, estupendob) ( enormous) fabuloso, fantástico2)a) ( incredible) < story> absurdo, increíbleb) ( unrealistic) < plan> descabellado3) ( based on fantasy) < literature> fantástico -
3 reino
m.1 kingdom (biology & politics).el reino animal the animal kingdomel reino de los cielos the kingdom of Heaven2 realm, domain, dominion.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: reinar.* * *1 kingdom, reign\reino de los animales animal kingdomreino de los Cielos Kingdom of HeavenReino Unido United Kingdomreino vegetal vegetable kingdom* * *noun m.kingdom, realm* * *SM kingdom* * *masculino kingdom, realm (liter)* * *= kingdom, realm.Ex. 'Loss of the cultural kingdom' is an article which examines the predicament of public librarians under Germany's National Socialism.Ex. Nevertheless, this situation does not appropriately demonstrate what is normally conceived to be the realm of indexing systems.----* con sede en el Reino Unido = UK-based.* hecho en el Reino Unido = British-made.* LA (Asociación de Bibliotecarios del Reino Unido) = LA (Library Association).* MARC del Reino Unido = UKMARC.* reino animal, el = animal kingdom, the.* Reino de Arabia Saudí = Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.* Reino de Aragón = Kingdom of Aragon.* Reino Unido, el = UK, the (United Kingdom, the).* reino vegetal, el = plant kingdom, the.* * *masculino kingdom, realm (liter)* * *= kingdom, realm.Ex: 'Loss of the cultural kingdom' is an article which examines the predicament of public librarians under Germany's National Socialism.
Ex: Nevertheless, this situation does not appropriately demonstrate what is normally conceived to be the realm of indexing systems.* con sede en el Reino Unido = UK-based.* hecho en el Reino Unido = British-made.* LA (Asociación de Bibliotecarios del Reino Unido) = LA (Library Association).* MARC del Reino Unido = UKMARC.* reino animal, el = animal kingdom, the.* Reino de Arabia Saudí = Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.* Reino de Aragón = Kingdom of Aragon.* Reino Unido, el = UK, the (United Kingdom, the).* reino vegetal, el = plant kingdom, the.* * *kingdom, realm ( liter)el reino de la fantasía the realm of fantasyCompuestos:animal kingdomel Reino de Dios the Kingdom of Godel Reino de los cielos the Kingdom of Heavenmineral kingdomplant o vegetable kingdom* * *
Del verbo reinar: ( conjugate reinar)
reino es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
reinó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
reinar
reino
reinar ( conjugate reinar) verbo intransitivo
[terror/buen tiempo] to prevail
reino sustantivo masculino
kingdom;
el reino de la fantasía the realm of fantasy
reinar verbo intransitivo
1 to reign: en la iglesia reinaba el silencio, silence reigned in the church
2 (clima) to prevail
reino sustantivo masculino
1 kingdom
2 frml realm
el reino de la ciencia, the realm of science
' reino' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bar
- chalet
- lata
- taifa
- vegetal
- cena
- cenar
- comida
- Reino Unido
English:
back out
- crisps
- kingdom
- lady
- marmalade
- mean
- potato chips
- realm
- reign
- Secretary of State
- UK
- Union Jack
- United Kingdom
- land
- open
- union
- united
* * *reino nm1. [territorio, estado] kingdom;el reino de los cielos the kingdom of HeavenHist reino de taifa = independent Muslim kingdom in Iberian peninsula;el Reino Unido (de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte) the United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)2. Biol kingdomreino animal animal kingdom;reino mineral mineral kingdom;reino vegetal vegetable kingdom3. [ámbito, dominio] realm* * *m tb figkingdom* * *reino nm: kingdom, realmreino animal: animal kingdom* * *reino n kingdom -
4 FF
2) Спорт: Fantasy Football, Final Fight, Full Floater3) Военный термин: Fast Frigate, Fire Finder, Freeboard Forward, Friendly Fire, Frigate, failure factor, field facility, field force, field forces, fire fighting, first flight, flight facilities, folding fin, foreign flag, forward firing, frontier forces, fuel feed, fuel flow4) Техника: and following pages, fatal failure, fatigue failure, ferrite film, ferromagnetic film, figures finished, filtration factor, fine filter, fine furnace, fission factor, fixed frequency, fluorine facility, force fan, frac finder, frequency feedback, frequency filtering, fresh feed, friend-or-foe identification, front focal length5) Шутливое выражение: Fano's Folly6) Математика: функция плотности (frequency function)7) Автомобильный термин: flexible fuel8) Грубое выражение: Fat Flo, Fat Fuck, Fine Fucking, Foot Fetish, French Fucker, Fucking Fag, Fucking Fast, Fucking Fucker9) Горное дело: зернистость "FF" порохов "A" и "В" (условное обозначение), порох "А" или "В" зернистости "FF" (с размером зёрен в поперечнике около 3/16 дюйма)10) Кино: Family Friendly11) Сокращение: Ford Foundation, French Franc, Frigate (US Navy), face to face, file finish, fire and flushing, full field, Faerie Fire (gaming, World of Warcraft), Fallen Footwear (shoe company), Family Feud (TV game show), Family Finance (college course), Fancy Feast (cat food), Fantastic Four, Fatal Frame (game), Fatal Fury (anime/game), Fear Factor (TV show), Fear Factory (band), Fein-Fein (German: extra fine), Felles Forbundet (Norwegian labour union), Fellesforbundet, Ferguson Formula (Jensen automobile), Fiamma Fumana (band), Fianna Fail (Irish Political Party), Fiend Folio (roleplaying games, Dungeons & Dragons), Filii Fabricaverunt (Latin: His/Her Sons Built, epigraphy), Filozofska Fakulteta (Faculty of Arts; Ljubljana, Slovenia), Filters Fast LLC (Monroe, North Carolina), Final Fantasy (game), Final Fight (video game), Final Fortress (Lineage 2 game), Final Frenzy (Lineage 2 game), Final Frontier (gaming), Finstere Flure (game), Firefox (open source Mozilla-based browser), First Flight (tail symbol for the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley AFB, VA), Flat Faced (pipe flange), Flavor Flav (hip-hip), Flesh Field (band), Fluid Fantasy (forum), Foo Fighters (band), Foolish Four (Motley Fool investment strategy), Force Forfeit (online games), Forced Fumble (football), Ford Field (Detroit, MI, USA), Ford Fiesta (car), Fortissimo (music), Forward Flight (remote control aircraft hobby), Franc Franç, Frango Frito (Portuguese: fried chicken), Franz Ferdinand (band), Fraud Forum (GSM Association), Freedom Fighter (video game), Freedom Force (game), Freedom Front (South Africa), Freiwillige Feuerwehr (German: Voluntary Fire Brigade), Fridley Factors (Minnesota wiffleball league), Frosted Flakes (cereal), Frostfell (gaming, Asheron's Call), Frostfire (game), Frou Frou (band), Frozen Fire (German online-gaming clan), Fuchs Friends (online community), Full Forward (Australian football position), Funfonex (Finnish gaming site), Und Folgende (German: and following), ais (French Franc), and the following pages, fabric filter (emission control device for coal fired power plants), factory finish, family fortunes, farm foundation, fashion freak, fatally flawed, fatigue correction factor (US DoD), federal facility, federal funds, feed forward, feeling fine, feet forward (bike, scooter, motorcycle), femto-farad, field format, fill factor (solar cell parameter), filter factory, finance forward, findhorn foundation, finished floor elevation (architectural/civil drafting), fire & forget, firefighter, firefinder, first fit (ieee), first flowering, first friday, fit factor, fixed filter (RSVP), fixed focus (optics, cameras), flagrant foul (basketball), flame failure, flash and flow, flight ferry, flight following, floor flatness (concrete construction), focus fire (gaming, Warcraft or Starcraft), folios, food fight, foot fault (bowling), football field, force feedback (joysticks/wheels for games), force field, ford forums, forfeit, formula fed (parenting), fraction or finish, frame format, free flight, free-flyer, freedom forum, freight forward, freight forwarder, french fries, frequent flyer, friends forever, friendship force, fright fest, front-engine front-wheel drive, fuel fabrication, fuel failure, full faced (pipe gasket), full floater (truck axle), full force, full funding, full-fed (animal science), fully functional, fully furnished, fulton factor, functional food, fuzz face (guitar effect pedal), navy fast frigate (US DoD)12) Текстиль: Fully Fashioned13) Физика: Fission Fragments14) Физиология: Formula Feeding, Forward flexion15) Электроника: Final Fantasy17) Нефть: fishing for, foundation fieldbus, frac finder log, full of fluid, заполненный флюидом (fluid filled), каротаж для определения трещиноватости (frac finder), катастрофический отказ (fatal failure), ловильные работы (по извлечению предметов из скважины), плоский торец (flat face)18) Биохимия: Filtration Faction20) Экология: марлевый фильтр, тканевой фильтр21) СМИ: Fan Fiction22) Путешествия: часто летающий пассажир (frequent flyer)23) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: flat, Foundation Fieldbus (with switch in IPS/DCS)24) Менеджмент: finish to finish, free float25) Планирование: Завершение (этапа) после завершения (другого) (Finish to Finish - описание взаимосвязи двух этапов в графике выполнения работ)26) Сетевые технологии: перевод страницы, прогон страницы27) Полимеры: fine furnace black, молотый гранулированный ПТФЭ без наполнителей и добавок ( компания Heroflon)+ растворитель28) Химическое оружие: Flat face29) Макаров: far field, fast forward, fine fill, fixed focus30) Расширение файла: Flip Flops, Outline font description (Agfa Compugraphics)31) Общественная организация: Food First32) Чат: Forum Feedback -
5 Ff
2) Спорт: Fantasy Football, Final Fight, Full Floater3) Военный термин: Fast Frigate, Fire Finder, Freeboard Forward, Friendly Fire, Frigate, failure factor, field facility, field force, field forces, fire fighting, first flight, flight facilities, folding fin, foreign flag, forward firing, frontier forces, fuel feed, fuel flow4) Техника: and following pages, fatal failure, fatigue failure, ferrite film, ferromagnetic film, figures finished, filtration factor, fine filter, fine furnace, fission factor, fixed frequency, fluorine facility, force fan, frac finder, frequency feedback, frequency filtering, fresh feed, friend-or-foe identification, front focal length5) Шутливое выражение: Fano's Folly6) Математика: функция плотности (frequency function)7) Автомобильный термин: flexible fuel8) Грубое выражение: Fat Flo, Fat Fuck, Fine Fucking, Foot Fetish, French Fucker, Fucking Fag, Fucking Fast, Fucking Fucker9) Горное дело: зернистость "FF" порохов "A" и "В" (условное обозначение), порох "А" или "В" зернистости "FF" (с размером зёрен в поперечнике около 3/16 дюйма)10) Кино: Family Friendly11) Сокращение: Ford Foundation, French Franc, Frigate (US Navy), face to face, file finish, fire and flushing, full field, Faerie Fire (gaming, World of Warcraft), Fallen Footwear (shoe company), Family Feud (TV game show), Family Finance (college course), Fancy Feast (cat food), Fantastic Four, Fatal Frame (game), Fatal Fury (anime/game), Fear Factor (TV show), Fear Factory (band), Fein-Fein (German: extra fine), Felles Forbundet (Norwegian labour union), Fellesforbundet, Ferguson Formula (Jensen automobile), Fiamma Fumana (band), Fianna Fail (Irish Political Party), Fiend Folio (roleplaying games, Dungeons & Dragons), Filii Fabricaverunt (Latin: His/Her Sons Built, epigraphy), Filozofska Fakulteta (Faculty of Arts; Ljubljana, Slovenia), Filters Fast LLC (Monroe, North Carolina), Final Fantasy (game), Final Fight (video game), Final Fortress (Lineage 2 game), Final Frenzy (Lineage 2 game), Final Frontier (gaming), Finstere Flure (game), Firefox (open source Mozilla-based browser), First Flight (tail symbol for the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley AFB, VA), Flat Faced (pipe flange), Flavor Flav (hip-hip), Flesh Field (band), Fluid Fantasy (forum), Foo Fighters (band), Foolish Four (Motley Fool investment strategy), Force Forfeit (online games), Forced Fumble (football), Ford Field (Detroit, MI, USA), Ford Fiesta (car), Fortissimo (music), Forward Flight (remote control aircraft hobby), Franc Franç, Frango Frito (Portuguese: fried chicken), Franz Ferdinand (band), Fraud Forum (GSM Association), Freedom Fighter (video game), Freedom Force (game), Freedom Front (South Africa), Freiwillige Feuerwehr (German: Voluntary Fire Brigade), Fridley Factors (Minnesota wiffleball league), Frosted Flakes (cereal), Frostfell (gaming, Asheron's Call), Frostfire (game), Frou Frou (band), Frozen Fire (German online-gaming clan), Fuchs Friends (online community), Full Forward (Australian football position), Funfonex (Finnish gaming site), Und Folgende (German: and following), ais (French Franc), and the following pages, fabric filter (emission control device for coal fired power plants), factory finish, family fortunes, farm foundation, fashion freak, fatally flawed, fatigue correction factor (US DoD), federal facility, federal funds, feed forward, feeling fine, feet forward (bike, scooter, motorcycle), femto-farad, field format, fill factor (solar cell parameter), filter factory, finance forward, findhorn foundation, finished floor elevation (architectural/civil drafting), fire & forget, firefighter, firefinder, first fit (ieee), first flowering, first friday, fit factor, fixed filter (RSVP), fixed focus (optics, cameras), flagrant foul (basketball), flame failure, flash and flow, flight ferry, flight following, floor flatness (concrete construction), focus fire (gaming, Warcraft or Starcraft), folios, food fight, foot fault (bowling), football field, force feedback (joysticks/wheels for games), force field, ford forums, forfeit, formula fed (parenting), fraction or finish, frame format, free flight, free-flyer, freedom forum, freight forward, freight forwarder, french fries, frequent flyer, friends forever, friendship force, fright fest, front-engine front-wheel drive, fuel fabrication, fuel failure, full faced (pipe gasket), full floater (truck axle), full force, full funding, full-fed (animal science), fully functional, fully furnished, fulton factor, functional food, fuzz face (guitar effect pedal), navy fast frigate (US DoD)12) Текстиль: Fully Fashioned13) Физика: Fission Fragments14) Физиология: Formula Feeding, Forward flexion15) Электроника: Final Fantasy17) Нефть: fishing for, foundation fieldbus, frac finder log, full of fluid, заполненный флюидом (fluid filled), каротаж для определения трещиноватости (frac finder), катастрофический отказ (fatal failure), ловильные работы (по извлечению предметов из скважины), плоский торец (flat face)18) Биохимия: Filtration Faction20) Экология: марлевый фильтр, тканевой фильтр21) СМИ: Fan Fiction22) Путешествия: часто летающий пассажир (frequent flyer)23) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: flat, Foundation Fieldbus (with switch in IPS/DCS)24) Менеджмент: finish to finish, free float25) Планирование: Завершение (этапа) после завершения (другого) (Finish to Finish - описание взаимосвязи двух этапов в графике выполнения работ)26) Сетевые технологии: перевод страницы, прогон страницы27) Полимеры: fine furnace black, молотый гранулированный ПТФЭ без наполнителей и добавок ( компания Heroflon)+ растворитель28) Химическое оружие: Flat face29) Макаров: far field, fast forward, fine fill, fixed focus30) Расширение файла: Flip Flops, Outline font description (Agfa Compugraphics)31) Общественная организация: Food First32) Чат: Forum Feedback -
6 fF
2) Спорт: Fantasy Football, Final Fight, Full Floater3) Военный термин: Fast Frigate, Fire Finder, Freeboard Forward, Friendly Fire, Frigate, failure factor, field facility, field force, field forces, fire fighting, first flight, flight facilities, folding fin, foreign flag, forward firing, frontier forces, fuel feed, fuel flow4) Техника: and following pages, fatal failure, fatigue failure, ferrite film, ferromagnetic film, figures finished, filtration factor, fine filter, fine furnace, fission factor, fixed frequency, fluorine facility, force fan, frac finder, frequency feedback, frequency filtering, fresh feed, friend-or-foe identification, front focal length5) Шутливое выражение: Fano's Folly6) Математика: функция плотности (frequency function)7) Автомобильный термин: flexible fuel8) Грубое выражение: Fat Flo, Fat Fuck, Fine Fucking, Foot Fetish, French Fucker, Fucking Fag, Fucking Fast, Fucking Fucker9) Горное дело: зернистость "FF" порохов "A" и "В" (условное обозначение), порох "А" или "В" зернистости "FF" (с размером зёрен в поперечнике около 3/16 дюйма)10) Кино: Family Friendly11) Сокращение: Ford Foundation, French Franc, Frigate (US Navy), face to face, file finish, fire and flushing, full field, Faerie Fire (gaming, World of Warcraft), Fallen Footwear (shoe company), Family Feud (TV game show), Family Finance (college course), Fancy Feast (cat food), Fantastic Four, Fatal Frame (game), Fatal Fury (anime/game), Fear Factor (TV show), Fear Factory (band), Fein-Fein (German: extra fine), Felles Forbundet (Norwegian labour union), Fellesforbundet, Ferguson Formula (Jensen automobile), Fiamma Fumana (band), Fianna Fail (Irish Political Party), Fiend Folio (roleplaying games, Dungeons & Dragons), Filii Fabricaverunt (Latin: His/Her Sons Built, epigraphy), Filozofska Fakulteta (Faculty of Arts; Ljubljana, Slovenia), Filters Fast LLC (Monroe, North Carolina), Final Fantasy (game), Final Fight (video game), Final Fortress (Lineage 2 game), Final Frenzy (Lineage 2 game), Final Frontier (gaming), Finstere Flure (game), Firefox (open source Mozilla-based browser), First Flight (tail symbol for the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley AFB, VA), Flat Faced (pipe flange), Flavor Flav (hip-hip), Flesh Field (band), Fluid Fantasy (forum), Foo Fighters (band), Foolish Four (Motley Fool investment strategy), Force Forfeit (online games), Forced Fumble (football), Ford Field (Detroit, MI, USA), Ford Fiesta (car), Fortissimo (music), Forward Flight (remote control aircraft hobby), Franc Franç, Frango Frito (Portuguese: fried chicken), Franz Ferdinand (band), Fraud Forum (GSM Association), Freedom Fighter (video game), Freedom Force (game), Freedom Front (South Africa), Freiwillige Feuerwehr (German: Voluntary Fire Brigade), Fridley Factors (Minnesota wiffleball league), Frosted Flakes (cereal), Frostfell (gaming, Asheron's Call), Frostfire (game), Frou Frou (band), Frozen Fire (German online-gaming clan), Fuchs Friends (online community), Full Forward (Australian football position), Funfonex (Finnish gaming site), Und Folgende (German: and following), ais (French Franc), and the following pages, fabric filter (emission control device for coal fired power plants), factory finish, family fortunes, farm foundation, fashion freak, fatally flawed, fatigue correction factor (US DoD), federal facility, federal funds, feed forward, feeling fine, feet forward (bike, scooter, motorcycle), femto-farad, field format, fill factor (solar cell parameter), filter factory, finance forward, findhorn foundation, finished floor elevation (architectural/civil drafting), fire & forget, firefighter, firefinder, first fit (ieee), first flowering, first friday, fit factor, fixed filter (RSVP), fixed focus (optics, cameras), flagrant foul (basketball), flame failure, flash and flow, flight ferry, flight following, floor flatness (concrete construction), focus fire (gaming, Warcraft or Starcraft), folios, food fight, foot fault (bowling), football field, force feedback (joysticks/wheels for games), force field, ford forums, forfeit, formula fed (parenting), fraction or finish, frame format, free flight, free-flyer, freedom forum, freight forward, freight forwarder, french fries, frequent flyer, friends forever, friendship force, fright fest, front-engine front-wheel drive, fuel fabrication, fuel failure, full faced (pipe gasket), full floater (truck axle), full force, full funding, full-fed (animal science), fully functional, fully furnished, fulton factor, functional food, fuzz face (guitar effect pedal), navy fast frigate (US DoD)12) Текстиль: Fully Fashioned13) Физика: Fission Fragments14) Физиология: Formula Feeding, Forward flexion15) Электроника: Final Fantasy17) Нефть: fishing for, foundation fieldbus, frac finder log, full of fluid, заполненный флюидом (fluid filled), каротаж для определения трещиноватости (frac finder), катастрофический отказ (fatal failure), ловильные работы (по извлечению предметов из скважины), плоский торец (flat face)18) Биохимия: Filtration Faction20) Экология: марлевый фильтр, тканевой фильтр21) СМИ: Fan Fiction22) Путешествия: часто летающий пассажир (frequent flyer)23) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: flat, Foundation Fieldbus (with switch in IPS/DCS)24) Менеджмент: finish to finish, free float25) Планирование: Завершение (этапа) после завершения (другого) (Finish to Finish - описание взаимосвязи двух этапов в графике выполнения работ)26) Сетевые технологии: перевод страницы, прогон страницы27) Полимеры: fine furnace black, молотый гранулированный ПТФЭ без наполнителей и добавок ( компания Heroflon)+ растворитель28) Химическое оружие: Flat face29) Макаров: far field, fast forward, fine fill, fixed focus30) Расширение файла: Flip Flops, Outline font description (Agfa Compugraphics)31) Общественная организация: Food First32) Чат: Forum Feedback -
7 ff
2) Спорт: Fantasy Football, Final Fight, Full Floater3) Военный термин: Fast Frigate, Fire Finder, Freeboard Forward, Friendly Fire, Frigate, failure factor, field facility, field force, field forces, fire fighting, first flight, flight facilities, folding fin, foreign flag, forward firing, frontier forces, fuel feed, fuel flow4) Техника: and following pages, fatal failure, fatigue failure, ferrite film, ferromagnetic film, figures finished, filtration factor, fine filter, fine furnace, fission factor, fixed frequency, fluorine facility, force fan, frac finder, frequency feedback, frequency filtering, fresh feed, friend-or-foe identification, front focal length5) Шутливое выражение: Fano's Folly6) Математика: функция плотности (frequency function)7) Автомобильный термин: flexible fuel8) Грубое выражение: Fat Flo, Fat Fuck, Fine Fucking, Foot Fetish, French Fucker, Fucking Fag, Fucking Fast, Fucking Fucker9) Горное дело: зернистость "FF" порохов "A" и "В" (условное обозначение), порох "А" или "В" зернистости "FF" (с размером зёрен в поперечнике около 3/16 дюйма)10) Кино: Family Friendly11) Сокращение: Ford Foundation, French Franc, Frigate (US Navy), face to face, file finish, fire and flushing, full field, Faerie Fire (gaming, World of Warcraft), Fallen Footwear (shoe company), Family Feud (TV game show), Family Finance (college course), Fancy Feast (cat food), Fantastic Four, Fatal Frame (game), Fatal Fury (anime/game), Fear Factor (TV show), Fear Factory (band), Fein-Fein (German: extra fine), Felles Forbundet (Norwegian labour union), Fellesforbundet, Ferguson Formula (Jensen automobile), Fiamma Fumana (band), Fianna Fail (Irish Political Party), Fiend Folio (roleplaying games, Dungeons & Dragons), Filii Fabricaverunt (Latin: His/Her Sons Built, epigraphy), Filozofska Fakulteta (Faculty of Arts; Ljubljana, Slovenia), Filters Fast LLC (Monroe, North Carolina), Final Fantasy (game), Final Fight (video game), Final Fortress (Lineage 2 game), Final Frenzy (Lineage 2 game), Final Frontier (gaming), Finstere Flure (game), Firefox (open source Mozilla-based browser), First Flight (tail symbol for the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley AFB, VA), Flat Faced (pipe flange), Flavor Flav (hip-hip), Flesh Field (band), Fluid Fantasy (forum), Foo Fighters (band), Foolish Four (Motley Fool investment strategy), Force Forfeit (online games), Forced Fumble (football), Ford Field (Detroit, MI, USA), Ford Fiesta (car), Fortissimo (music), Forward Flight (remote control aircraft hobby), Franc Franç, Frango Frito (Portuguese: fried chicken), Franz Ferdinand (band), Fraud Forum (GSM Association), Freedom Fighter (video game), Freedom Force (game), Freedom Front (South Africa), Freiwillige Feuerwehr (German: Voluntary Fire Brigade), Fridley Factors (Minnesota wiffleball league), Frosted Flakes (cereal), Frostfell (gaming, Asheron's Call), Frostfire (game), Frou Frou (band), Frozen Fire (German online-gaming clan), Fuchs Friends (online community), Full Forward (Australian football position), Funfonex (Finnish gaming site), Und Folgende (German: and following), ais (French Franc), and the following pages, fabric filter (emission control device for coal fired power plants), factory finish, family fortunes, farm foundation, fashion freak, fatally flawed, fatigue correction factor (US DoD), federal facility, federal funds, feed forward, feeling fine, feet forward (bike, scooter, motorcycle), femto-farad, field format, fill factor (solar cell parameter), filter factory, finance forward, findhorn foundation, finished floor elevation (architectural/civil drafting), fire & forget, firefighter, firefinder, first fit (ieee), first flowering, first friday, fit factor, fixed filter (RSVP), fixed focus (optics, cameras), flagrant foul (basketball), flame failure, flash and flow, flight ferry, flight following, floor flatness (concrete construction), focus fire (gaming, Warcraft or Starcraft), folios, food fight, foot fault (bowling), football field, force feedback (joysticks/wheels for games), force field, ford forums, forfeit, formula fed (parenting), fraction or finish, frame format, free flight, free-flyer, freedom forum, freight forward, freight forwarder, french fries, frequent flyer, friends forever, friendship force, fright fest, front-engine front-wheel drive, fuel fabrication, fuel failure, full faced (pipe gasket), full floater (truck axle), full force, full funding, full-fed (animal science), fully functional, fully furnished, fulton factor, functional food, fuzz face (guitar effect pedal), navy fast frigate (US DoD)12) Текстиль: Fully Fashioned13) Физика: Fission Fragments14) Физиология: Formula Feeding, Forward flexion15) Электроника: Final Fantasy17) Нефть: fishing for, foundation fieldbus, frac finder log, full of fluid, заполненный флюидом (fluid filled), каротаж для определения трещиноватости (frac finder), катастрофический отказ (fatal failure), ловильные работы (по извлечению предметов из скважины), плоский торец (flat face)18) Биохимия: Filtration Faction20) Экология: марлевый фильтр, тканевой фильтр21) СМИ: Fan Fiction22) Путешествия: часто летающий пассажир (frequent flyer)23) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: flat, Foundation Fieldbus (with switch in IPS/DCS)24) Менеджмент: finish to finish, free float25) Планирование: Завершение (этапа) после завершения (другого) (Finish to Finish - описание взаимосвязи двух этапов в графике выполнения работ)26) Сетевые технологии: перевод страницы, прогон страницы27) Полимеры: fine furnace black, молотый гранулированный ПТФЭ без наполнителей и добавок ( компания Heroflon)+ растворитель28) Химическое оружие: Flat face29) Макаров: far field, fast forward, fine fill, fixed focus30) Расширение файла: Flip Flops, Outline font description (Agfa Compugraphics)31) Общественная организация: Food First32) Чат: Forum Feedback -
8 Boden
m; -s, Böden1. (Erdreich) soil; fruchtbarer / magerer Boden fertile / barren soil; lockerer / verdichteter Boden loose / compressed soil; sandiger / steiniger Boden sandy / stony ground; leichter / mittelschwerer / schwerer Boden light / loamy / heavy ( oder clayey) soil; durchlässiger / lehmiger Boden permeable / loamy soil; den Boden bebauen oder bestellen develop ( oder till) land; ( wie Pilze) aus dem Boden schießen mushroom (up); Schadstoffe etc. gelangen in den Boden get into the soil; ein Rat / eine Mahnung etc. fällt auf fruchtbaren Boden fig. advice / a warning etc. falls on fertile ground ( oder has an effect); etw. aus dem Boden stampfen fig. conjure s.th. up (out of thin air); wie aus dem Boden gewachsen as if by magic; sie wäre am liebsten vor Scham in den Boden versunken she wished that the earth would open up and swallow her; Grund2. nur Sg.; (Erdoberfläche) ground; (Fußboden) floor (auch im Wagen etc.); fester Boden firm ground; auf den oder zu Boden fallen oder zu Boden stürzen fall to the ground ( innen: floor); zu Boden gehen (beim Boxen etc.) go down; auf dem oder am Boden liegen lie on the ground; fig. be finished ( oder bankrupt); etw. vom Boden aufheben pick s.th. up (off the ground); jemanden zu Boden schlagen oder strecken knock s.o. down (to the ground), floor s.o.; die Augen zu Boden schlagen cast one’s eyes down (to the ground); jemanden zu Boden drücken konkret: pin ( oder press oder weigh) s.o. down; fig. destroy s.o., bear s.o. down; ( festen) Boden fassen get a (firm) footing oder foothold; fig. find one’s feet; Idee etc.: take hold ( oder root); festen Boden unter den Füßen haben be standing on firm ground, be on terra firma; den Boden unter den Füßen verlieren konkret: lose one’s footing; (unsicher werden) be thrown off balance; fig. get out of one’s depth; jemandem den Boden unter den Füßen wegziehen fig. pull the rug out from under s.o.; sich auf gefährlichem oder unsicherem oder schwankendem Boden bewegen be treading on slippery ground, be skating on thin ice; der Boden wurde ihm zu heiß oder der Boden brannte ihm unter den Füßen fig. things got too hot for him; den Boden für etw. bereiten prepare the ground for s.th.; am Boden zerstört umg. (entsetzt) (completely) devastated; (erschöpft) completely drained, washed out; (an) Boden gewinnen / verlieren gain / lose ground; Boden zurückgewinnen make up for lost ground3. eines Gefäßes: bottom; eine Kiste etc. mit doppeltem Boden with a false bottom; Moral mit doppeltem Boden fig. double standards Pl.4. nur Sg.; (Grund) eines Gewässers: bottom; auf dem oder am Boden des Meeres on the sea(-)bed (Am. auch ocean floor)5. (Gebiet): auf britischem etc. Boden on British etc. soil; heiliger Boden holy ( oder consecrated) ground; heimatlicher Boden home territory6. fig. (Grundlage) basis; auf dem Boden des Grundgesetzes stehen be within the Constitution; auf dem Boden der Tatsachen bleiben stick ( oder keep) to the facts; den Boden der Tatsachen verlassen get away from ( oder forget) the facts; einem Argument etc. den Boden entziehen knock the bottom out of; Handwerk hat goldenen Boden you can’t go wrong if you learn a trade7. (Tortenboden) base* * *der Boden(Ackerboden) soil;(Dachboden) attic;(Erdboden) ground; earth;(Fußboden) floor;(Gefäßboden) bottom* * *Bo|den ['boːdn]m -s, ordm;['bøːdn]1) (= Erde, Grundfläche) ground; (= Erdreich auch) soil; (= Fußboden) floor; (= Grundbesitz) land; (no pl = Terrain) soilauf spanischem Bóden — on Spanish soil
zu Bóden fallen — to fall to the ground
jdn zu Bóden schlagen or strecken — to knock sb down, to floor sb
festen Bóden unter den Füßen haben, auf festem Bóden sein — to be or stand on firm ground, to be on terra firma
keinen Fuß auf den Bóden bekommen (fig) — to be unable to find one's feet; (fig: in Diskussion) to get out of one's depth
ihm wurde der Bóden (unter den Füßen) zu heiß (fig) — things were getting too hot for him
jdm den Bóden unter den Füßen wegziehen (fig) — to cut the ground from under sb's feet (Brit), to pull the carpet out from under sb's feet
ich hätte ( vor Scham) im Bóden versinken können (fig) — I was so ashamed that I wished the ground would (open and) swallow me up
am Bóden zerstört sein (inf) — to be shattered (Brit fig inf) or devastated
(an) Bóden gewinnen/verlieren (fig) — to gain/lose ground
etw aus dem Bóden stampfen (fig) — to conjure sth up out of nothing; Häuser auch to build overnight
er stand wie aus dem Bóden gewachsen vor mir — he appeared in front of me as if by magic
auf fruchtbaren Bóden fallen (fig) — to fall on fertile ground
jdm/einer Sache den Bóden bereiten (fig) — to prepare the ground for sb/sth
See:2) (= unterste Fläche) (von Behälter) bottom; (von Meer auch) seabed; (von Hose) seat; (= Tortenboden) baseSee:→ doppelt3) (Raum) (= Dachboden, Heuboden) loft; (= Trockenboden) (für Getreide) drying floor; (für Wäsche) drying room4) (fig = Grundlage)auf dem Bóden der Wissenschaft/Tatsachen/Wirklichkeit stehen — to base oneself on scientific fact/on fact/on reality; (Behauptung) to be based or founded on scientific fact/on fact/on reality
sie wurde hart auf den Bóden der Wirklichkeit zurückgeholt — she was brought down to earth with a bump
auf dem Bóden der Tatsachen bleiben — to stick to the facts
den Bóden der Tatsachen verlassen — to go into the realm of fantasy
sich auf unsicherem Bóden bewegen — to be on shaky ground
er steht auf dem Bóden des Gesetzes (= nicht ungesetzlich) (= hat Gesetz hinter sich) — he is within the law he has the backing of the law
* * *der1) (the lowest part of anything: the bottom of the sea.) bottom2) (the solid surface of the Earth: lying on the ground; high ground.) ground3) (the upper layer of the earth, in which plants grow: to plant seeds in the soil; a handful of soil.) soil* * *Bo·den<-s, Böden>[ˈbo:dn̩, pl bø:dn̩]mfetter/magerer \Boden fertile/barren [or poor] soildiese Böden sind [o dieser \Boden ist] für den Ackerbau nicht geeignet this land is not suited for farmingaus dem \Boden schießen (a. fig) to sprout [or spring] [or shoot] up a. figden \Boden verbessern to ameliorate the soilder \Boden bebte the ground shooknach dem Flug waren die Reisenden froh, wieder festen \Boden zu betreten after the flight the passengers were glad to be [or stand] on firm ground [or on terra firma] [again][wieder] festen [o sicheren] \Boden unter die Füße bekommen [o unter den Füßen haben] to be back on terra firma; (nach einer Schiffsreise a.) to be back on dry land; (nach einer Flugreise a.) to be back on the groundauf britischem/deutschem \Boden on British/German soilauf eigenem Grund und \Boden on one's own propertywieder den \Boden seiner Heimat betreten to be back under one's native skiesheiliger \Boden holy groundfeindlicher \Boden enemy territorybei Marianne kann man vom \Boden essen Marianne's floors are so clean that you could eat off themvor Scham wäre ich am liebsten in den \Boden versunken I was so ashamed that I wished the ground would open up and swallow medie Augen zu \Boden schlagen to look downbeschämt/verlegen zu \Boden schauen to look down in shame/embarrassmentzu \Boden fallen [o sinken] to fall to the groundsie sank ohnmächtig zu \Boden she fell unconscious to the grounddann fiel der König tot zu \Boden then the king dropped deadzu \Boden gehen Boxer to go downdie Skisachen sind alle oben auf dem \Boden all the ski gear is [up] in the loft [or attic6. (Regalboden) shelfdie Preise haben den \Boden erreicht prices hit rock-bottomder Koffer hat einen doppelten \Boden the suitcase has a false bottomauf dem \Boden des Meeres/Flusses at the bottom of the sea/river, on the seabed/riverbedeine Moral mit einem doppelten \Boden double standards pl8. (Tortenboden) [flan] basejdm/etw den \Boden bereiten to pave the way for sb/sth fig[wieder] auf festem \Boden sein to have a firm base [again]; Unternehmen to be back on its feet [again] figauf dem \Boden des Gesetzes stehen to be within [or to conform to] the constitutionauf dem \Boden der Tatsachen bleiben/stehen to stick to the facts/to be based on factsden \Boden der Tatsachen verlassen to get into the realm of fantasyauf den \Boden der Wirklichkeit zurückkommen to come down to earth fig10.▶ jdm brennt der \Boden unter den Füßen [o wird der \Boden unter den Füßen zu heiß] (fam) things are getting too hot [or are hotting up too much] for sb▶ festen [o sicheren] \Boden unter den Füßen haben (sich seiner Sache sicher sein) to be sure of one's ground; (eine wirtschaftliche Grundlage haben) to be on firm ground fig▶ wieder festen [o sicheren] \Boden unter die Füße bekommen [o unter den Füßen haben] (wieder Halt bekommen) to find one's feet again figich hoffe, mein Ratschlag ist auf fruchtbaren \Boden gefallen I hope my advice has made some impression on you▶ den \Boden unter den Füßen verlieren (die Existenzgrundlage verlieren) to feel the ground fall from beneath one's feet fam; (haltlos werden) to have the bottom drop out of one's world fam▶ jdm den \Boden unter den Füßen wegziehen to cut the ground from under sb's feet fam, to pull the rug [out] from under sb's feet fig fam▶ [jdm/etw gegenüber] an \Boden gewinnen (einholen) to gain ground [over sb/sth]; (Fortschritte machen) to make headway [or progress]▶ [jdm/etw gegenüber] [verlorenen] \Boden gutmachen [o wettmachen] to make up [lost] ground [or to catch up] [on sb/sth]▶ sich akk auf schwankendem [o unsicherem] \Boden bewegen, auf schwankendem \Boden stehen to be on shaky ground figseine Argumente stehen auf schwankendem \Boden his arguments are built on weak foundations▶ [jdm/etw gegenüber] an \Boden verlieren to lose ground [to sb/sth]* * *der; Bodens, Böden1) (Erde) ground; soiletwas [nicht] aus dem Boden stampfen können — [not] be able to conjure something up [out of thin air]
2) (FußBoden) floorzu Boden fallen/sich zu Boden fallen lassen — fall/drop to the ground
der Boxer ging zu Boden — the boxer went down
jemanden zu Boden schlagen od. (geh.) strecken — knock somebody down; floor somebody; (fig.)
am Boden zerstört [sein] — (ugs.) [be] shattered (coll.)
3) o. Pl. (Terrain)[an] Boden gewinnen/verlieren — gain/lose ground
5) (DachBoden) loft* * *1. (Erdreich) soil;fruchtbarer/magerer Boden fertile/barren soil;lockerer/verdichteter Boden loose/compressed soil;sandiger/steiniger Boden sandy/stony ground;leichter/mittelschwerer/schwerer Boden light/loamy/heavy ( oder clayey) soil;durchlässiger/lehmiger Boden permeable/loamy soil;(wie Pilze) aus dem Boden schießen mushroom (up);Schadstoffe etcgelangen in den Boden get into the soil;ein Rat/eine Mahnung etcwie aus dem Boden gewachsen as if by magic;sie wäre am liebsten vor Scham in den Boden versunken she wished that the earth would open up and swallow her; → Grundfester Boden firm ground;zu Boden stürzen fall to the ground ( innen: floor);zu Boden gehen (beim Boxen etc) go down;etwas vom Boden aufheben pick sth up (off the ground);strecken knock sb down (to the ground), floor sb;die Augen zu Boden schlagen cast one’s eyes down (to the ground);jemanden zu Boden drücken konkret: pin ( oder press oder weigh) sb down; fig destroy sb, bear sb down;(festen) Boden fassen get a (firm) footing oder foothold; fig find one’s feet; Idee etc: take hold ( oder root);festen Boden unter den Füßen haben be standing on firm ground, be on terra firma;den Boden unter den Füßen verlieren konkret: lose one’s footing; (unsicher werden) be thrown off balance; fig get out of one’s depth;jemandem den Boden unter den Füßen wegziehen fig pull the rug out from under sb;schwankendem Boden bewegen be treading on slippery ground, be skating on thin ice;der Boden brannte ihm unter den Füßen fig things got too hot for him;den Boden für etwas bereiten prepare the ground for sth;am Boden zerstört umg (entsetzt) (completely) devastated; (erschöpft) completely drained, washed out;(an) Boden gewinnen/verlieren gain/lose ground;Boden zurückgewinnen make up for lost ground3. eines Gefäßes: bottom;eine Kiste etcmit doppeltem Boden with a false bottom;am Boden des Meeres on the sea(-)bed (US auch ocean floor)5. (Gebiet):auf britischem etcBoden on British etc soil;heiliger Boden holy ( oder consecrated) ground;heimatlicher Boden home territory6. fig (Grundlage) basis;auf dem Boden des Grundgesetzes stehen be within the Constitution;auf dem Boden der Tatsachen bleiben stick ( oder keep) to the facts;den Boden der Tatsachen verlassen get away from ( oder forget) the facts;einem Argument etcden Boden entziehen knock the bottom out of;Handwerk hat goldenen Boden you can’t go wrong if you learn a trade7. (Tortenboden) base8. (Dachboden) loft, attic; (Heuboden) hayloft; (Trockenboden) drying room; → Fass, Fußboden, Grund 1* * *der; Bodens, Böden1) (Erde) ground; soiletwas [nicht] aus dem Boden stampfen können — [not] be able to conjure something up [out of thin air]
2) (FußBoden) floorzu Boden fallen/sich zu Boden fallen lassen — fall/drop to the ground
jemanden zu Boden schlagen od. (geh.) strecken — knock somebody down; floor somebody; (fig.)
am Boden zerstört [sein] — (ugs.) [be] shattered (coll.)
3) o. Pl. (Terrain)[an] Boden gewinnen/verlieren — gain/lose ground
5) (DachBoden) loft* * *¨-- (von Gefäß) m.base n. ¨-- m.bottom n.floor n.ground n.land n.soil n. -
9 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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